1.
Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page
by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1239,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Efficiency Of Routine Identification Methods With Molecular Technique (Pcr) For Detection Of Caecal Eimeria Species in Broilers
by Muhammad Yasir | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Caecl coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix and poultry industry is facing huge economic losses due to this infection world wide. Eimeria tenella is the most common cause of caecal coccidiosis but E. necatrix is also isolated rarely. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Lahore and Gujranwala). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. Prevalence of coccidiosis was found 68%. It was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to Lahore (64.5%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional (Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation) and molecular technique (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction was found the most sensitive ands accurate technique for species identification as compared to all conventional techniques. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 68% and 12.5% respectively. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to district Lahore (64.5%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Gujranwala (13.5%) than district Lahore (11.5%). The difference in percent prevalence of coccidiosis and species of Eimeria may be due to difference in farm management, farming type, biosecurity measures.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1274,T] (1).
3.
Vectorial Role Of Anopheles Subpictus By Using Poymerase Chain Reaction
by Shumaila Kausar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Haroon Akber.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Vector-borne diseases are among the major causes of illness, death and economic losses particularly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mosquitoes are most important single group of insects, transmitting wide range of human diseases like malaria, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis and several other infectious diseases. Malaria is a major global public health problem. Several Anopheline species are prevalent in Pakistan among which Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies are confirmed vector of Plasmodium. An. subpictus is a confirmed secondary vector of malaria in many countries. A wide range of this species is also distributed in Pakistan. The aim of the present study was to determine the vectorial role of An. subpictus in the transmission of malaria in Pakistan through microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
After species identification, the mosquitoes were examined microscopically and were found negative for the presence of human Plasmodium sporozoites. The DNA extracted from An. subpictus was subjected to PCR but no Plasmodium specific amplification was observed. Keeping in view the sample size, it was concluded that further study is required with even large sample size before declaring that An. subpictus is not a vector of Plasmodium in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1811,T] (1).
5.
Acaricide Resistance Of Tick Population Infesting Buffaloes In District Narowal
by Muhammad Mubashir Abdullah (2015-VA-1104) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Latif | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Tick imperviousness to acaricides is an expanding issue in Pakistan and represents a genuine financial danger to the domesticated animals and veterinary pharmaceutical enterprises. New acaricides are to a great degree costly to grow so the present acaricides ought to be viewed as a constantly decreasing asset, which ought to be ensured by all methods conceivable. The principle goal of the review was to distinguish the stages of tick imperviousness to acaricides at close business and collective ranges in District Narowal, Pakistan. Likewise to contrast the in vivo techniques and with explore acaricide administration procedures which may build the life expectancy by utilized acaricides.
To meet these points a field survey (February 2016 to March 2017) was carried out at 3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakargharand Zafarwal cities of Pakistan to monitor levels of field tick resistance to acaricides. The larvae were originally obtained from engorged female A.hebraeum, Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, R. appendiculatusand R. evertsievertsi. The larvaewere tested against different concentrations of trichlorofon, ivermectin and cypermethrin using the Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT). Mortality dose data were subjected to probit analysis using a BMDP statistical package. Factors of resistance (FOR) were calculated by comparing the larval response of ticks from the field.
On the communal farms high levels of tick resistance were detected to cypermethrin as well as partial resistance to ivermectin whilst no resistance was detected against trichlorofon. On the commercial farms, however, ticks were equally resistant to trichlorofon, cypermethrin and ivermectin. The populations of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, on these farms had developed higher levels of resistance to the testacaricides than the equivalent R. evertsievertsi, R. appendiculatus and A.hebraeumpopulations. Higher levels of tick resistance to trichlorofonwas observed on3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakarghar and Zafarwal)than on communal farms, however, there was no significant differences in tick resistance to ivermectin and cypermethrin at both the commercial and communal farms. It was surmised that inappropriate use of acaricides might have resulted in higher tick resistance to the currently available acaricides on the commercial as well as the communal farms. Correct acaricide usage may solve this problem to a limited extent.
Comparative in vivo tests were also carried out on the larvae and adults of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, to determine the susceptibility of this tick to different concentrationsof the currently used acaricides, (amitraz, ivermectin and cypermethrin) at three commercial dairy farms, (“Brycedale”, “Sunny Grove” and “Welgevind”) in the areas of District Narowal, Pakistan. Resistance of field strains of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Dermacentor,were determined using the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) as the latter test took into account factors such as oviposition assessment and reproductive ability. At “Brycedale”, resistance to trichlorofon and ivermectin was detected with the AIT method. Emerging resistance to trichlorofon and resistance to ivermectin were also detected . At “Sunny Grove” resistance was detected to cypermethrin and at “Welgevind” resistance was detected to ivermectin with the SLIT whilst no resistance was detected using AIT. It would appear that the Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations tested on these dairy farms were more resistant toivermectin than to trichlorofon or cypermethrin.
Nearly 50% of the dairy farms sampled showed resistance to ivermectin and the majority had susceptible Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations to both amitraz and cypermethrin. In general there was a good correlation between the Cypermethrin and Trichlorofon whilst in many cases there was poor correlation between the Cypermethrin and Ivermectin.
From this study it would appear that the In vivo method was a reliable to detect resistance within seven days. In vitro method the ELT and the RET could possibly be used as screening methods to detect acaricide resistance on farms whilst the SLIT would remain the test of choice for National surveys. In addition the ELT is less costly and does not require sophisticated equipment for field testing if resistance development compared with other in vitro test methods. This method, however, still needs to be validated and standardized for use in Narowaland the rest of punjab where tick control is important.
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